Emma Woodhouse and Mr. Woodhouse Analysis

Both Emma Woodhouse and her father have a good deal of sway everyplace the lives and affairs of the early(a) members of their community. In the first scene of the book, we learn that Mr. Woodhouse finds homes for maids in other households, while Emma does essenti tout ensembley the same for her casualnesss, in attempting to pair them off with husbands and wives. The narrator presents this overzealous concern for other peoples well being as an entirely harmless suitistic, in Mr. Woodhouse at least. While his intrusions into the personal lives of even non-family relations and frequent effusions of worry are peevish to readers and characters alike, Mr. Woodhouse never actually does any genius the slightest bit of satisfying or lasting harm.Read also Analysis of Characters in Flannery OConnors The Life You Save whitethorn Be Your Own veritable(a) Mr. John Knightley can non stay mad at him for very long. Emma, on the other hand, is receptive of doing real personal damage, and her w ilful intrusions into the lives of her acquaintance are presented as arrogant presumption her characters major flaw The real evils of Emmas situation are the post of having rather too much of her own way, and a magnetic inclination to think a little too well of herself. (4) The key difference between her acts of presumption and those of her father is that she has a stronger will and hear than he.Her actions are and then not only more harmful to others further also more conscious and deliberate. Though she may, like her father, be acting out of good intentions, she is to the near aware of the ways in which she manipulates. Emma not only searchs that she is molding Harriets weaker mind, she understands how best to do it. If awareness makes her more responsible for her actions than the fumbling Mr. Woodhouse, it also increases the distance she has to oarlock when she acts irresponsibly. Because Emmas station is the highest in her affable circle, her machinations go largely unchecked, but for the rebukes of Mr. Knightley. The standard of goodness in the book and its moral compass, Mr Knightleys criticism is the narrators way of alerting us to Emmas faults. After all, social protocol forbids anyone else from attempting such criticism. The fact that Knightley practices great forbearance with Mr. Woodhouse but takes exception to most of Emmas doings highlights the differences in each characters culpability. In short, Mr. Woodhouse is forgive because he cannot help his effrontery, while Emma is not because she can.The distinction is related to each characters flexibility Mr. Woodhouse is the most stagnant character of the book, while Emma is the one most capable of growth. Given Mr. Woodhouses profound fear of change, it seems pointless to try to mend his flaws at this late age. Emma however, possesses the mental and spiritual instruments, which, applied correctly, and could bring her to a near-perfect existence, elevating her actions and awareness to a p ar with her social status. The work of the novel, and of Mr. Knightley himself, is to instil in Emma the humility that she lacks and help her evolve so as to become worthy of him, not only socially but also morally.The books final happy union (448) is a sign that Emma has achieved that end. Unlike Emma, whose vibrancy of person and strength of intellect substantiate her claims to social prowess, Mr. Woodhouses business office derives solely from his landed status. In Emma and Knightleys first conversation, we are told that Mr. Woodhouse understands but in part (5) as a person and a character he is static, lack in awareness, and defined wholly by his limitations. People defer to Mr. Woodhouses fortune and subsequent social standing rather than his intellect or any whim in his being right.The hypochondriac worries that he imposes on others are rarely given any credence because Mr. Woodhouse is never perceived as capable of substantial reasoning. In fact, common sense almost always stands in opposition to Mr. Woodhouses concerns. The likelihood of anyone getting trapped at Randalls on Christmas Eve because of half an pass on of snow is not particularly high, yet the party is broken up early all the same. Everyone is quick to do Mr. Woodhouses bidding, no matter how silly the cause. much(prenominal) former, to make people act entirely counter to their own sense of reason, could be dangerous if put into more potent hands. Luckily Mr. Woodhouse would never deliberately manipulate anyone in fact, he is shown to be quite harmless. In expressing his personal displeasure at his daughter Isabellas going to a particular seaside resort, he actually twists the truth, attributing many of his own feelings and expressions (99) to Mr. Perry. However, the narrator is emphatic in noting that this is done unconsciously. And even when Mr. Woodhouse is conscious of trying to prevail upon others, he affects no real damage. He is constantly trying to get other people to take a basin of gruel with him, but Isabella is the only one who ends up complying. When Mrs. Bates and Mrs. Goddard come to keep Mr. Woodhouse gild during the Coles party, his power as host is actually trumped by Emmas. Against his wishes, she sees to it that all of their guests are well fed, with as much cake as they desire. Emma, like her father, enjoys a social dominion of fortune and station but joins it with a real superiority of intellect.Situations like the gruel debate point up the inversion of the traditional family structure at Highbury, in which the daughters authority exceeds the parents. Emma takes care of her father, and the books only other mother-figure, Miss Taylor, has become more like a friend than a parent, at least at the point where the story picks up The shadow of authority being now long passed away, Emma does just what she likes, highly respectfulnessing Miss Taylors judgement, but directed chiefly by her own (1).Beyond the smaller family unit, there is no one but Knightley to challenge Emmas reign. She is at the highest spot on the social ladder, as indicated by the form of her estate, Highbury. Her peers are all inferior, in status as well as quickness and depth. Harriet is entirely vapid she can sit, without any idea of anything in the world, for full ten minutes. (163) And although Emma may mistake the direction of Eltons gallantry, she sees right through it there is a sort of parade in his speeches which was very apt to incline her to laugh. (46) Even in comparison to her sister, Emma has the stronger hand. (241) In truth, Emma is wholly worthy of most of the praise bestowed upon her throughout the book. The most unambiguous example would be her ready wit, (66) which Mr. Elton cites in his charade. The obvious problem with Emmas ready wit, though, and all her other powers, is that they are so often put to bad use. Where Mr. Woodhouses social power is always proved to be harmless, Emma is the one with the potent hands that can at times wreak havoc.At the party at Box Hill, Emma cannot resist (342) making a derisive stimulant to Miss Bates, simply because it is too clever to be kept in. The sole extenuating circumstance here (though it is one based on Emmas arrogance) is that she may not have anticipated its full effect I dare say she did not understand me. (346) But Emmas misuse of her own power of understanding is evident. The refer is both consciously derisive and deliberately aimed, and the evident pain it causes Miss Bates brings home the reality that Emmas understanding at that moment has become more restrain than Miss Bates.Moreover, the impact of the harm extends both beyond the present moment and beyond the single personal relationship, revealing that unlike her father, Emma has the power to do real lasting damage. Miss Bates tries to hide when Emma next comes to visit, and it will take a while to repair their rapport. The event also affects the larger public sphere. As Mr. Knightley notes in hi s later reprimand, Emmas comment was made in the presence of others, many of who would be entirely guided by your treatment of her. (346) In this social order, people who esteem the judgment of those superior in station use it as a model for their own. Not only has Emma spoken cruelly to Miss Bates, she has set up a standard of treatment which others may choose to follow. People cater to Mr. Woodhouse because they respect him, but they use Emma as a model because they take her intellection very seriously. Where until now Emma has been seeing power in terms only of its perks, the ripple effect of even a single lapse of judgment highlights the responsibilities that go with social power.The moment is an important turning point in Emmas progress of self-transformation. Knightleys earlier reprimand, Better to be without sense, than misapply it as you do (51) targets this larger duty that Emma has been both too young and too concealment to see. (As an interesting side note, the movie v ersion of Emma actually has Knightley and Emma shooting during this scene, and while Knightly delivers this comment his pointer hits a bulls-eye. ) The most striking example of Emmas misapplication of sense along with her most deliberate act of manipulation appears in her treatment of Harriet.Emma literally tries to cause Harriet, forging explanations of her parentage and painting portraits in which she alters Harriets body structure. The craftsmanship of this artistic aspect of her assumed role is highlighted by Knightleys recognition, she really does you credit. (53) As pointed out in lecture, Emma even plays the literal puppet-master, using a set of strings, her bootlaces, to direct the scene when she and Harriet run into Mr. Elton after visiting the poor family. Emma presses on with her schemes despite the many clues that deviate her understanding.Whenever circumstances displease her, she creates explanations in her head that run contrary to her own sense of reason, yet ac cepts them all the same. When Mr. Eltons behaviour does not fit that of a lover, Emma makes variant excuses for him, laughing at his description of what she presumes to be Harriets ready wit but attributing such an ill-judged compliment to the consequence of his being very much in love. (66) Even when Mr. Elton himself tries to clear up the confusion, in the scene in the carriage, Emma attempts to convince them both that he is hopelessly drunk.Perhaps Emmas most blatant self-deception is her recklessness of class and birth differences between Mr. Elton and Harriet You and Mr. Elton are by situation called together you belong to one another by every circumstance of your respective homes. (68) This dictation could not stand in starker contrast to the acute, even over-conscious sense of social standing, which Emma displays throughout the rest of the book. She revolts at the idea of a union between Jane Fairfax and Mr. Knightley, but wilfully ignores the same obstacles in her match making of Harriet and Mr. Elton.Emma presumes to know what is best for other people, and in pursuit of her slated end goal will even act contrary to her (often accurate) perceptions of their feelings. When she writes Harriets letter of refusal to Robert Martin, (an intrusion in itself,) Emma senses that if the young man had come in her way at that moment, he would have been accepted after all (50) yet she seals and sends it all the same. The comment testifies not only to Emmas consciousness of Harriets true feelings, but to her arrogance, in deferring to her own judgment of Harriets best interests rather than to Harriets.The fact that Harriet ends up happily, but in exactly the same place that she started, is the narrators way of putting Emma in her place. As in the encounter with Miss Bates, the gap between Emmas self knowledge and the place we are given on her suggests the conclusion that the proper sphere for exercising human judgment is on ones personal shortcomings instead of on anyone elses. What is most teetotal about Emmas many social blunders is that, apart from Mr. Knightley, she has the deepest social consciousness of anyone in the book.Emma has a truly devoted sense of responsibility to her father, cares deeply for her family and friends, and is constantly smoothing over various social rifts that only she can foresee and repair, like those between her father and John Knightley. Readers understand the great possibilities that come with Emmas characteristic awareness we see the possibilities for a perfection which goes beyond the mere appearance of perfection introduced in the first line of the book and it is this consciousness that makes Emmas blunders seem all the more blind and regrettable.The turning point of the book is when Emmas awareness begins to work to her advantage when she starts to become more aware of herself. Emmas ability to reflect and feel powerfully is what fuels her self-transformation once she directs that power inwards to observe her own heart instead of outwards to mold other people and events. It takes only the right catalyst, namely Mr. Knightley, for Emma to become able to fulfil her own wrongdoing. She responds to his reprimands about her treatment of Miss Bates, not with the defensiveness of someone truly arrogant but with anger against herself, mortification, and deep concern. (347) A similar moment of acknowledgement and self-chastisement comes at the first big climax of the book, when Emma learns of Harriets love for Mr. Knightley and realizes her own with insufferable vanity had she believed herself in the secret of everybodys feelings with unpardonable arrogance proposed to arrange everybodys destiny. (383) Emma proves herself capable of the character revolution which her father is not when she gives up her own pretensions to judge the best interests of others.The fact that it is Knightley who sparks Emma reformation of character might seem to give ultimate power to him rather than to Emma herself. After all, his intrusion into her personal life ends up being the most positive force of the book. But it is important to keep in mind that Knightley is only a catalyst, a stand-in for the authors criticism of Emmas flaws, while Emma shares something like the role of the author herself. Like the playwright or novelist, she learns through trial and erroneous belief the limitations of power exercised in trying to create and dictate the course of other peoples lives.

Postcolonial Gothic texts? Essay

Before starting this essay, it is important to acknowledge the event that the term postcolonial medieval is quite difficult to define accurately. For the most give a personal manner of this essay, I will be taking for granted the accompaniment that these texts are essentially postcolonial in form, in so far as they are texts that guide emerged in their present form out of the experience of colonization and asserted themselves by foregrounding the tension with imperial queen. 1 It is with this certainty in intelligence that I will be looking more specifically at the gothic elements of the pieces, which separate the texts from other typically postcolonial works.Nevertheless, certain distinguishing postcolonial features will arise throughout the essay and this will be especially explicit when I look at the contextual aspects of the pieces. Turcotte identifies the fact that it is certainly possible to argue that the generic qualities of the chivalric mode lend themselves to artic ulating the colonial experience in as much as each emerges out of a condition of deracination and uncertainty, of the familiar transpose into unfamiliar space.2 As such, the whim of displacement presents itself clearly though the two texts. In Wide sargasso Sea for instance, we feel a unfluctuating wiz of Rochesters alienation in Jamaica Is it true, she said, that England is same a dream? Because one of my friends who married an faceman wrote and told me so. She said this place like London is like a cold dark dream sometimes. I want to wake up. Well, I answered annoyed, that is precisely how your beautiful island seems to me, quite unreal and like a dream. But how buns rivers and mountains and the sea be unreal? And how arsehole millions of people, their houses and their streets be unreal? (67) He finds it impossible to feel comfortable in Jamaica and it is Antoinettes equivalent inability to read England that forms a barrier between the couple. The gulf between their di fferent backgrounds and upbringings is particularly obvious through this conversation and it becomes increasingly clear that Rochester sees Antoinette as alien and unreached to himI felt genuinely little tenderness for her, she was a stranger to me, a stranger who did not think or feel as I did. (78) therefrom, we see the postcolonial mental picture of the other featuring in the smart. When we learn that Rochester views Antoinette in such a manner as that which is unfamiliar and extraneous to a dominant subjectiveness3 a certain unease is created, which amplifies the gothic tone of the novel. The reader senses his discomfort with her ethnicity, as he talks derogatively about herI did not piquance going back to England in the role of rejected suitor jilted by this Creole girl. (65) This prejudice seems to develop into a deep-seated fear of taint from the Creole woman with long, dark, sad alien kernels who looked very much like Amelie. (105) Further accepting his discom fort with her ethnic origin is the fact that he insists upon calling her Bertha, despite her objections Bertha is not my name. You are trying to make me into someone else, calling me by another name. (121)His renaming of Antoinette suggests that he wants to make her sound more English and, since she shares her name with her mother, he in whatever case appears to want to detach her from her family and her creole heritage. Antoinette is a white creole and throughout the novel, the reader senses that Rochester feels betrayed by his experience he has gone(p) to Jamaica in order to marry a wealthy heiress, whose skin is white like his own. As such, at first sight, things do appear to resemble north for him and it is only when he gets to know her better that the differences in their make up bear witness through.To pinpoint this sensation more precisely, we need to look at an idea stemming from displacement, that Freud identified as the condition of the un targetny, where the home i s unhomely where the heimlich becomes unheimlich and yet remains sufficiently familiar to disorient and disempower. 4 This is certainly the situation in which Rochester finds himself and this is epitomised when Rochester begins to see Antoinette as a annulus She lifted her eyes. Blank lovely eyes. Mad eyes I scarcely recognised her vocalise. No warmth, no sweetness.The doll had a dolls voice, a breathless yet curiously different voice. (140) Freud claimed that a favourable condition for the uncanny is when there is uncertainty as to whether an object is existing or not and this is certainly the way in which Rochester views Antoinette. Therefore, although on the surface everything appears to be normal, all the things around Rochester do a peculiar unfamiliarity for him. The credit of Antoinette also suffers such alienation when she arrives in England and is confined to her room Now they have taken everything away.What am I doing in this place and who am I? (147) The reader senses that without her country and the things around her that are familiar to her, she has lost her own identity. The notions of displacement and the uncanny are very disturbing in essence. They infuse the novel with a sense of unease and a sense of disturbance in the characters that the readers can relate to. Similarly, in Ovando many of these features of displacement and the uncanny are evident and the disquiet and dread that this imposes on the reader is what gives this story its gothic overtones.The character of Ovando symbolises the imperial power in the story and the narrator represents the native peoples, crushed by the colonisers. The impact of Ovando on the narrators land is profound and the imposition of his European floriculture appears to contribute to this effect He carries with him the following things bibles, cathedrals, museums libraries (3) Although these things represent the treasures of culture in their European environment, the narrator appears to be recognisi ng the fact that these things do not belong in their New World environment.Through enforcing these things on the peeled land, Ovando is conformist to what is described in The Empire Writes Back as the political and cultural monocentrism of the colonial enterprise of the European world. 5 Furthermore, Ovando enforces his religious beliefs on the natives and this becomes clear when he tries to justify his actions by referring to fate and the narrator states I could have brought a stop to what was an invasion to me, a discovery to him after all, I too knew of divinities and eternities and unvarying events. (4)Ovando fails to see that the natives have their own belief systems in place and his ignorance is exemplified by the fact that the narrator appears to realise Ovandos downfall, acknowledging his ignorance. Although he does not condone the colonisers actions in any way, there is a degree of understanding on the part of the narrator -who represents the natives that does appear to be present in Ovando To the strangers eye (Ovandos) everything in my world appears as if it were made anew each night as I sleep, by gods in their heavenly chambers (7)The narrator is acknowledging the fact that Ovando and the Imperial powers on the whole failed to realise that the New World ironically named by the imperialists was not in fact new. These countries had their own pasts and their own traditions that the narrow colonisers, who had their eyes half-shut (6), failed to recognise or appreciate. Although of course this narrative is written from the biased perspective of the natives (Kincaids background supports this fact) the historical accounts of colonisation do essentially support the notion of the blinkered imperialists.As a consequence of this and the lack of integration into native lifestyle by the colonisers, they fail to see that their European traditions are displaced in this new environment and, through imposing them, they create a rift between themselves and th e natives. More obviously present in Ovando is the notion of the uncanny. Standing alongside this sense of displacement, the presence of the uncanny promotes a very daunting and disturbing feel in the piece. Turcotte directs the notion of the uncanny in postcolonial literature in particular to the notion of animal(prenominal) perversionwhere nature, it seemed to many, was out of kilter. 6 Throughout this short story, everything is out of kilter in effect. For instance, when Ovando is looking at the map, Kincaid distorts reality and time Using the indicant of his left hand, he traced on his map a line. Months later his finger came to a stop. It was a point not too far from where he had started. (6) This twisting of time is disorientating to the reader and the narrator describes other events, which are equally impossible.When for instance the narrator describes the protest put to Ovando about his unfair treatment of the natives, he undergoes a carry out of metamorphosis But Ovand o could not list me, for by this time his head had taken the shape of a groundworm, which has no ears. (10) Although the narrator is clearly illustrating his refusal to hear the pleas of the natives, it becomes clear that nothing is impossible in the story. Kincaid writes The moment in which the words could be said was the moment in which the words would be true. (8) and the reader recognises that whatever is said in the story simply has to be accepted as the truth.The author gives words an enormous amount of command and authority and, as such, the power of words in this story exceeds the influence of the reader to interpret the events for themselves. Therefore, it could be deemed that Kincaid is confiscating the power of interpretation from the reader in order to highlight the way in which power was taken away from the natives and the unease and discomfort that this creates adds to the gothic effect of the story. Morrow and McGraph acknowledge that after the 1830 and 40s the gothic became increasingly fascinated with the psyche of the gothic personality.7 This is particularly obvious in Ovando, with Kincaids in-depth exploration of the mental workings of the coloniser. The supposed superiority of the European colonisers, over the natives is apparent through the character of Ovando, who insists upon possessing the natives. Similarly, we have insight into the workings of the colonised people. We see their bitter retrospection at their welcoming attitude towards the colonisers Ovando, I said, Ovando, and I smiled at him and threw my arms open to drag this stinky relic of a person.Many people have said that this was my first big mistake, and I always say, How could it be a mistake to show sympathy to another human macrocosm, on first meeting? (3) Although this is not symbolic of the gothic personality in the same way that Ovandos thoughts are, the juxtaposition of this welcoming, warm attitude highlights the deviousness of Ovandos thinking, as he delibe rately takes advantage of people who were prepared to share their land with him. In Wide Sargasso Sea, there is no equally explicit demonic gothic personality as there is in Ovando. However, there are dark qualities lurking in twain Antoinette and Rochester.With Antoinette, of course, her personality creates an amount of unease in the reader, particularly since we aware of the fate of the character she is rooted in from Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre. Additionally, with Rochesters unease about the fact that her mother was mad (129), the reader is constantly haunted by the notion that she will turn out like her mother. Obviously, these anxieties turn out to be confirm as we see her realisation of her supposed responsibility I was outside holding my candle. Now at last I know why I was brought here and what I have to do. (155-6).Antoinette burns down the house, believing in her misery that this is her destiny. This, in itself, is quite a morbid notion that amplifies her state of disc ouragement and gloom. McGraph and Morrow acknowledge that the new gothicist would take as a starting place the concern with interior entropy spiritual and emotional breakdown 8 Therefore the recognition of Antoinettes desperation means that, although this insight into her psyche does not mirror the horror and drabness of the gothic personality in Ovando, the extent of her despair instils a deep sense of dismay in the reader and supports the gothic nature of the text.The respective writers also employ various literary techniques in the pieces, which request that the texts are postcolonial gothic in nature. For instance, the entire notion of gothic literature is suggestive of horror, madness, monstrosity, death, disease, flagellum, evil and weird sexuality9 and many of these qualities are commonplace in Ovando. The imaging used in Ovando conforms to these horrific characteristics customary in gothic literature and the physical appearance of Ovando corresponds to this in particul arNot a shred of flesh was left on his bones he was a complete skeleton except for his brain, which remained, and was growing smaller by the millennium. He stank (3) This gruesome image of Ovando can only provoke horror and evil in the reader and the nightmarish qualities of such gothic literature present themselves clearly here. Similarly, the physical appearance of Ovando continues to worsen into the form of the devil He had also grown horns on either side of his head, and from these he hung various instruments of torture his tongue he made forked. (9)This demonic image is possibly one of the darkest images that can be drawn upon and, as such, Kincaid is portraying the character of Ovando in the most evil way possible. The idea that he personally made his tongue forked also draws to mind images of masochism that, again, are dark in nature. This use of graphic and disturbing imagery draws all the qualities of horror, madness, monstrosity together to form a deeply disturbing text conforming to the conventions of gothic writing. The structure of Ovando also allows the piece to fit into the genre of gothic literature successfully.The piece is dreamlike in that it has no fixed structure and it moves through the action with no real sense of succession at all. Events do not lead into one another, but the reader gets the sense of dreamlike disorder with the physical world constantly changing. It is this constant flux in the story that creates a disturbing sense of disorder in the piece, which, no doubt, reflects the disorder created by the invasion of the colonisers. In Wide Sargasso Sea, Rhys uses some very graphic images that are disturbing in nature and as such conform to the gothic style.During the fire, we hear Antoinettes retelling of events, as she realises that their pet parrot is stuck in the intent house I opened my eyes, everybody was looking up and pointing at Coco on the glacis railings with his feathers alight. He made an effort to fly down but hi s clipped wings failed him and he fell down screeching. He was all on fire. (36) This horrific image of the bird being burned alive equates to the burning images of the devil in Ovando and highlights the notion of suffering in the text.The colonial experience clearly caused suffering and anguish and this conveyance of pain is an effective means of expressing this. Rhys also refers frequently to the notion of obeah, which relates to black magic and spirit theft. Antoinette accuses Rochester of obeah, through trying to change her name, but she is also guilty of its practice when she puts a love potion in his wine. This exploration of the unknown and the ghosts that Christophine knows about, although that is not what she calls them (113) creates an eerie and supernatural dimension in the piece.The use of such ideas by Rhys is concordant with the daunting elements that define the gothic genre. In Ovando in particular, the gothic literary technique of inversion is also employed througho ut. McGraph and Marrow identify the use of inversion as a gothic effect, where terror and unreason subverted consensus and rationality, where passion was transformed into disgust, love turned to hatred and good engendered evil. 10 The narrator appears to acknowledge throughout that good can engender evil. When Ovando arrived on the island, of course, the narrator was eager to accept himFor I loved him then, not the way I would love my mother, or my child, but with that more general and spontaneous patient of of love that I feel when I see any human being. (3) The good in Ovando, however, is overtaken by greed and self-love, epitomised in the masturbation episode where Ovando piano passes his hands down his own back, through the crevices of his private parts (11-12). Therefore, the reader senses that the imperial powers were all subjected to this inversion driven by greed in effect, and this literary technique is an effective way of mirroring this inversion of good to bad in huma n beings.Similarly in Wide Sargasso Sea, some of these features of inversion can also seen to be employed by Rhys. Rochesters worsening feelings towards Antionette indicate this and such an overturn in emotions that epitomises the gothic tone and alteration from passion to disgust can be seen when Rochester sleeps with Amelie. No sooner has he slept with her, did he begin to feel discontented with her appearance her skin was darker, her lips thicker than I had thought I had no wish to touch her and she knew it, for she got up at once and began to dress. (115-6)His darkest fears appear to surface through her, with his acknowledgement of how native she looks and the hint that he worries further that she could be link to Antoinette. Having previously stated Perhaps they are related, I thought. Its possible, its even probable in this damned place. (105) -the way in which he sees her this aurora strongly rouses the deep-seated fear of incestuous relations in him. These issues in the mselves are dark and gothic in that sense, although the fact that these issues are only hinted at makes them far more ominous in some respects.Looking at the works from a contextual perspective, it is interesting to see that Gelder concludes that Postcolonial nations can re-animate the traumas of their colonial pasts to uprise Gothic narratives. 11 This can be seen explicitly in Ovando through the character of Frey Nicolas de Ovando. Although he appears to be a fictitious character, he was undoubtedly named after a sixteenth century governor in the Dominican Republic. Friar Nicolas de Ovando was governor from 1502 to 1509 and during this time, he was renowned for his cruel treatment of the native Taino tribe.It is reported that, in order to gain more power over the tribes, he arranged a feast for the tribe chiefs and then burnt down the house where it was held. Furthermore, any people who survived the fire were tortured and killed. There is no question that Kincaids character was c reated in direct reference to him and the cruelty of the character of Ovando in her novel supports this fact One morning, Ovando arose from his bed. Assisted by people he had forcibly placed in various stages of social and spiritual degradation (9)This demonstrates explicitly the peck that Kincaid attributes to Ovando for the pain and suffering caused. She dispels any notions of fate or necessity and lays the burden on the shoulder of the one character who, in addition to clearly being the general described above, broadly represents the imperial nations. It is clear that Kincaid is drawing upon real life horrors for her story and Turcotte identifies this technique From its inception the Gothic has dealt with fears and themes which are endemic in the colonial experience isolation, entrapment, fear of pursuit and fear of the unknown.12 Therefore we see that the gothic genre is particularly apt for expressing the distresses caused by the process of colonisation. This process of the r e-animation of traumas from peoples colonial pasts is repeated in a sense through Rhyss Wide Sargasso Sea. She is retelling a Gothic story that already exists in Jane Eyre, giving depth and, indeed, a life to Rochesters mad wife in the attic. Spivak recognises that Rhys takes Brontes Jane Eyre and rewrites a canonical English text deep down the European novelistic tradition in the interest of the white Creole rather than the native.13 This would suggest that, just as the madwoman in the attic has no voice in Jane Eyre, neither does the colonised persons in colonial and postcolonial literature. Therefore, Rhys is giving them the voice they have been deprived of. Many things point to the fact that this was her deliberate intention and we can assume that her personal reward from doing such a thing is clear when we hear other accounts of prejudice in her works I had discovered that if I called myself English they would snub me haughtily Youre not English youre a horridcolonial. 14 Jean Rhys was a white Creole like this character and, as such, the closeness of the character to the novelist makes it difficult to detach the two. Therefore, it is clear that the gothic genre for Rhys is an effective means of conveying the personal trauma she has experienced as a result of prejudice, stemming from colonisation. In conclusion, it is clear to see that these texts can be defined as postcolonial gothic. As postcolonial texts, they also possess many of the distinguishing features of gothic texts.The aptness of the gothic genre as a means of reiterating colonial pasts is evident throughout, as the horror and disruption that it conveys so well is symbolic of the anxiety and heartache that the process of colonisation created for those people ensnared in its progression.Bibliography Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths, Helen Tiffin. The Empire Writes Back Theory and Practice in Postcolonial Literatures. London Routledge. 1989. ed. Athill, Diana. The Day They Burned the appropriate s in The Collected Short Stories of Jean Rhys. New York W. W. Norton. 1968. Boehmer, Elleke. Colonial and Postcolonial Literature.Oxford Oxford University Press. 1995. Ed. Childs, Peter. Post-Colonial Theory and English Literature A Reader. Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press. 1999. Gelder, Ken. Postcolonial Gothic in The Handbook to Gothic Literature. ed. Mulvey-Roberts, Marie. Basingstoke Macmillan. 1998. Kincaid, Jamaica. Ovando in The Picador Book of the New Gothic. A Collection of Contemporary Gothic Fiction. ed. Mcgraph, Patrick Morrow, Bradford. London Picador. 1992. ed. McGraph, Patrick, Bradford Morrow. The Picador Book of the New Gothic. A Collection of Contemporary Gothic Fiction.

A Sound of Thunder Paragraph Essay

The consequences of time travel cannot be matched in terms of unpredictability because any tiny alterations to the deep past can change the outcome of the ensuing events of the future. In the futuristic tale, A Sound of Thunder, by Ray Bradbury, the standard way of life in the present time is subtly altered when an ambitious hunter named Eckels travels back in time to hunt a prehistoric animal. When Eckels is confronted by the frightening tyrannosaurus rex, he panics and ignores the rules of the guide, falling off the established path. In the heat of the moment, he accidentally steps on a butterfly causing a train reaction that creates various realignments of society in the contemporary era. Firstly, the essence of society is transformed from good to evil. Before departure, the man behind the desk was against the beliefs of Deutscher and was supportive of Keith.On his return, Eckels notices a slight difference in the demeanor of the man behind the desk he is now firmly supportive of Deutscher and considers Keith a weakling. He laughs and says, You joking? You know really well. Deutscher, of course Who else? Not that fool weakling Keith. We got an iron man now, a man with guts This quote infers that society has drastically changed from the time Eckels departed for the movement to his return on the following day. Second of all, Lesperance does a reconnaissance to select certain targets for the hunters, his mandate being to identify animals that were going to die on the exceptional day of the hunt anyways. I track them through their entire existence, noting which of them lives longest When I find one thats going to die when a maneuver falls on him, or one that drowns in a tar pit, I note the exact hour, minute, and second. I shoot a paint break downThis way, we kill only animals with no future, that are never going to mate again. This illustrates how conscientious the company is about the effects of time travel and altering the narration of the world. Fin ally, on Eckels return, his senses detect subtle changes in the atmosphere and his surroundings. Most of all, his eyes see the change in the English language. The betoken above the desk was in a phonetic form, and he immediately realizes the intellect of the human race had deteriorated. But the immediate thing was the sign painted on the office wall, the same sign he had read earlier today on first entering.Somehow, the sign had changed. This shows that the slightest, simple, accidental modification of history can have apocalyptic consequences for modern civilization. In conclusion, Eckels meandering in the forest 60 million years ago, creates a society with less righteousness, responsibility, and human intellect.

History of Theatre

History of Theatre Early in the 1700s British people that were involved with discipline were mostly middle class. There were 2 kinds of sore dramatic theatre sentimental comedy and domestic tragedy. The fist playhouse was in the American colonies was build in Williamsburg, Virginia. In 1741 the greatest British actor was born and his name was David Garrick. Aeschylus wrote the first major playwright and multiple contests. The Orestria was the last remaining tragic trilogy. Sophocles pioneered multicolor scenery and added the third choral leader, wrote Antigone. Euripides went against popular belief and pioneered female protagonist. Aristophanes was the first comedian and made fun of current leaders, rated M for mature. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing was the head German playwright during the Enlightenment, as well as a critic, a philosopher, and an aesthetician. His works advocated liberal thinking and religious tolerance. He wrote the first German plays of Note and Sought to piss Germ an drama as an entity seperate from French and classical influences.Johann Wolfgang von Goethe is permanently associated with the German romantic movement and is the major literary figure in German history. A true Renaissance man, he was a novelist, playwright, translator, natural philosopher, poet, musician, composer, scientist, and finally a historian. His Faust is a closet drama, a work in dramatic traffic pattern to be read not performed. In the late 1700s, German theatre changed dramatically by the Romantic movement known as Sturm und Drang (storm and stress).In 1773, British playwright Oliver Goldsmith attacked the popular sentimental comedy and proposed a more humorous and realistic laughing comedy. In his fast paced comedy She Stoops to Conquer, Goldsmith had achieved his goal. well-off Brinsley Sheridan got into sentimental comedy in the 1770s with his plays The Rivals and The School for Scandal. The American Revolution had a crippling effect on all forms of theatre. Con gress passed a resolution deter theatrical entertainments, and after the U. S. eclared independence, the individual states passed laws forbidding all stage performances. Most of the anti-theatre laws remained in effect until the early 1780s. construction of the Paris Opera House began in 1861 and was completed in 1875. The idea for a protected performance area arose after a royal procession escorting Napoleon the third and his wife to the opera was bombed by a group of revels and scores were killed. Napoleon wanted an opera house where royalty could enter less publicly, and created a contest calling for new designs.The architect Charles Garnier won. The Paris Opera House has 17 stories, covers three acres of land, and seats 2000 people. Gaston Lerouxs novel The Phantom of the Opera took place here and Andrew Lloyd Webbers musical found on this too. The Father of modern drama, was a Norwegian playwright whos name is Henrik Ibsen. James A. Herne began his theatre career as a very go od actor. subsequently he became a stage manager at Baldwins Academy of Music in California, a job that brought him many more roles.In 1878, he get hitched with the actress Katherine Corcoran, a member of the Baldwin acting company, and began a career as a playwright to write leading parts for him and his wife. Naturalism was a theatrical instill of thought developed in the late 1800s and early 1900s. it introduced sets that looked as real as possible, characters who spoke in a natural way, and story lines that were plausible. The primary interpretive program for early naturalism was French novelist Emile Zola(1840 1902).

Intentional Teaching Cycle

The Connecticut Preschool Assessment Framework manual states early childhood teaching is a incessant process of planning and observing. Teachers plan activities and experiences that help children learn. As the educators observe the students, the educators learn about the students and then are able to plan new activities and teaching strategies to challenge the students to progress further. This process is called knowledgeable teaching.The intentional teaching calendar method contains four ongoing phases, which are planning and implementing, observing and assessing, repeating the cycle, and summarizing. Add honorable mention The Intentional teaching process begins to take place when teachers are deliberate, thoughtful, informed, and purposeful in his or her decisions and actions. A vital part for Intentional teaching educators is to keep up to date with the most current investigate pertaining to the best practice principles and then apply them to your everyday practice.I look i ntentional teaching educators who have hold in knowledge about a particular students interest should research the topic on the internet, at the library, local community and various another(prenominal) ways to gain more knowledge. I think this will allow teachers to engage with every child, go on worthwhile conversations, promote interactions, challenging experiences that will encourage a higher level of thinking for the teacher and the students. My experience thus far using the cycle of intentional teaching occurred when I was working with two students in the block area.The two students were string the blocks. iodine of the students complained the other student had more blocks than her. I asked them how can we find out if both of you have the alike(p) amount of blocks to string? One of the students said we can count them or use a ruler, the other said we could line them up, then the other student said we could use a scale to cant over the blocks. I think in this scenario the c hildren were able to think at a higher level mathematically by thinking of the different ways to determine who had the most blocks as well as how they could split up the blocks up evenly.

Why Nations Fail – A Book Review

why Nations get down by James A. Robinson and hoot Guacamole a agree review INTRODUCTION why Nations Fall Is a non-fiction hold back by James A. Robinson and Darn Guacamole which Is ground on the views and Insights from the economic history of distri merelyively country to be fitting to answer why nations grow antitheticly, why some others succeed while others devolve. The stones atomic number 18 linked with a common narrative theme, the adolescently between Inclusive and extractive institutions. The sustain claims that nations with Inclusive institutions be much successful than those with extractive institutions in the long sensitive(prenominal) people who have non bumped into this kind of earmarks will most likely harbinger this work as non so entertaining since most of it, well actually e very chapter of this book deals with vigor but politics and economics, but as you go through every chapter of the book, you will move up it to be a descend opposite to wha t you expected. It is interesting in a direction that you get the come up to know the economic status of each country and its reason why it grows distinctly others succeed and others fail. As a group, we say yes. We did enjoy the book though we started reading it very late already.Through this, we were able to learn more why economies grow in incompatible ways and what factors causes it to prosper or fail. BOOK redirect examination The thesis made by James A. Robinson and Darn Guacamole is some the nations calamity to prosperity. The book answers the big dubiety that has been pondered by many economists for a long time now why some societies prosper and others dont? For Darn Guacamole and James A. Robinson, it is the institutions that determine the fate of nations. Both authors claim that a country succeeds when policy-making and economic institutions atomic number 18 comprehensive.Inclusive institutions are institutions in which many people are involved in the governi ng form hence exploitation is either depreciated or absent. According to them, nations fail when institutions are extractive. Extractive institutions are those protecting the political and economic cater of only excellent elites that take income from other people. Both authors are qualified to relieve about the subject because they are both widely respected scholars. Darn Guacamole is a professor of political economy and has been awarded for his great contribution to economic knowledge while James A.Robinson is political scientist and an economist who is conducting a look into in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Sierra Leone, etc. The authors spent fifteen forms researching the reasons why nations and empires establish or go along. They put forth a thesis that explains Africa and Latin America failed to build sustaining governments and economic systems that lurch wealth and power throughout their populace and why Russia and atomic number 7 Korea have failed to deliver an economy and government that provides opportunity for their tribes to thrive.Even before reading the book, it is already obvious of what the book is all about. From he title itself, Why Nations conk, lectors would expect that the content is about nations economic system. The authors draw the complex political and economic systems and their connection to the failure of nations. The book is composed of many posers from human history to support the claim and to show how comprehensive institutions resurrect the nations economy better than extractive institutions. It is well indite, a powerful narration that explains historys failed politeizations.It will also give the reader insights about todays global economy. But as you go slurreder, some of the writings are difficult to understand. around key points are not easy to comprehend since there are some terms in Economics that ordinary people are not familiar with, like inclusive and extractive society. Those terms were written and were disposed(p) historic examples, but, the definition was not clearly explained in the book. The authors were able to come up with conclusions and hypothesis. But, an bear witness of the theories they presented are not stated.The authors were not able to present statistics-based evidence to support their theories and claims. The books limitations are that the authors did not embarrass the roles of other factors such as geographic actors, scientific factors etc. Instead, they focused solely on institutions as an explanation. What I dislike about the authors writing style is that in every chapter, thoughts and conclusions are repeated, thus, making the complete write up, unrecognized and redundant. They failed to present proper examples to some terms which are unfamiliar to the readers.Despite of the books downsides, the authors were fluid able to direct our concentration and attention to poverty, economic system, politics, etc. Overall, the book is brilliant and engaging. The authors wrote the hypothesis clearly and succeeded in making a great sense of history and imparting their views on the factors that affect the rise and go down of nations. CHAPTER 1 so Close and yet so Different James A. Robinson and Darn Guacamole began the first chapter of the book with the comparison of Nonages, Arizona and Nonages, Senora.These two basically come from the same geographical location, the same city but there is quite a big difference between the economies of the two. The authors in this book try to suspense why Arizona and Senora could be in the same location yet they are so contrastive from each other? one city is prosperous while the other one is not. The authors made an job in this chapter that Arizona is prosperous because of their policies? Arizona has greatly improved their means of livelihood and they have true schools, infrastructure, transportation and education.In other words, what caused Arizona and Senoras economy to be different with each other are the policies compel in their area? Arizona, in the border of the United States, has the rule of law while Senora has an absence of charge the basic services in Mexico. The United States utilizes inclusive policies while Mexico has been using extracting policies. CHAPTER 2 Tones that Dont work In this chapter, Robinson and Guacamole tries to discuss the common theories as to why nations fail that still exists today.Here, they dismiss the say theories and claim that the real reason behind the fail of nations is the font of institutions present in the society? whether instructive or extractive. Other people claim that the reason why nation fail is because of its geographical location. Other countries have more resources than others. But, based on the authors, this does not explain the Nonages- Senora economic conflict since these two countries come from the same area. The present moment theory which was pointed out to be the cause why economy of different countries grows differently is because of the citizens who work nasty for their country.But still, it was argued by the authors that this does not explain the situation between Nonages since its residents have basically the same historical scope and culture. The last theory is the one that seems is the most widely accepted today. This theory clearly states that our leaders are too ignorant to choose what policies to impose and implement. Quoted on George Rowels line on him being skeptical at Joseph Stalin, The power in the wrong hands crowd out lead to a cause gone wrong. CHAPTER 3 The Making of Prosperity and Poverty success or failure of nations.They used the Korean Peninsula as an example. It was said that after the World War II, the Korean Peninsula has been divided into two the northern and the southern Korea. South Korea, which was plump for by United States, eventually adopted inclusive policies that include property rights of the people while the North Korea, backed by Russia, impleme nted the extractive policies wherein citizens have no rights while only the elites own the lands. The Korean Peninsula is an example where two identical countries chiffonier quickly become so different because one allowed the empowerment of its people.CHAPTER 4 Small Differences and Critical Junctures This chapter talks about the consequences that a nation may face Just with the picayune critical Junctures and differences. It either can lead a nation to prosper or to fail. The example of the authors for the small differences that affected the institutional exploitation is the Eastern and Western Europe. In the West, workers were free of feudal dues, fines, etc. In the East, they were also connected in such an economy, but he demand for the agricultural goods came from the West. It was not an inclusive market.The authors have cited many historical vignettes that support their claim on the critical Junctures that can affect the type of institution of an economy? inclusive and extra ctive institutions. The best example for us is Englands adoption of inclusive institutions during the time of the bubonic plague. This critical Juncture led to the industrial revolution causing some nations to prosper and some to fail. CHAPTER 5 Ive Seen the Future and It Works In this chapter, the authors imply that extractive institutions merely rely on growth cause they train something to extract.They both claim that this growth of the extractive institutions is unjustifiable or unsustainable. One of the examples cited by the authors to illustrate this unsuitability is the Soviet Union. For decades, the Soviet Union has been experiencing great economic growth till the time came when it halted. This led to the country fall in 1991. According to the authors, the extractive institutions had many flaws? only few selected gain benefits while the greater percent of the population suffers from poverty. In this chapter, the book describes how Venice was very inclusive with its economic and political policies.Venice at one point before was a very prosperous nation. The inclusive policies helped make Venice the most prosperous nation at his time. But, Venires innovations not only gave positive effects but also negative. These innovations weakened the political and economic institutions that were established. To secure their political and economic interest, Venice made extractive policies. These policies turned Venice backward while other nations moved forward. CHAPTER 7 The -running point It was the year 1688 that served as a difficult time in history for the people.The political institutions gradually abandoned power to its people which eventually led to the Industrial Revolution, an important event in history wherein there were new diverges in the quality of life. There were major improvements in transportation, metallurgy and steam power, mechanization of textile production and the development of factories to produce these manufactured textiles. There was a reor ganization of economic institutions that sided with the innovators and entrepreneurs. CHAPTER 8 Not on our sward The Industrial Revolution that took place was not warmly welcomed by many nations.Many nations were rejecting it while England was unsure of its bankers acceptance of the Industrial Revolution. Two nations, Russia and China was dependent on the belief that it is technology that would weaken the elites. China and Russia were doing the total opposite as they were contracting inwards while the other nations were expanding their territory already. The authors claimed that if only China and Russia couldve embraced inclusive institutions and accepted technology, America would have been a different place. CHAPTER 9 Reversing Development Colonialism has caused much effect to different nations.The authors made the spice wars of the Mollusks as an example to this. The authors stated that though these nations seem remote to us today, the Mollusks was still then a central to the wo rld trade. But Mollusks seem remote today since its inhabitants stop producing spices as a response to the colonials. In this chapter, the authors perceived a British penal colony, a family without rights and a civil case that leads us to the country that we know today as Australia. This is the time that British convicts were sentenced to death.These convicts were not given the same rights given to other citizens of Britain. This was unheard of at the time and thickly sent Australia and Britain down to different paths of history. CHAPTER 11 & 12 The Virtuous Circle/ These vacuous Circle In this chapter, the book talks about the violent cycles in history. The authors talk in great deal on how vehement the circles are based upon the rule of law. These circles form in a society where no group can control the other and has a lot to lose if they weaken the rule of law. These circles in turn lead to extractive institutions.The authors have shown a lot of examples of violent cycles. One example is demonstrated in the weakening of the audacity systems in Argentina, Venezuela and Cambodia. These countries fall into endless loops of bad decisions by its people more times than not they are changed. CHAPTER 13 Why Nations Fail Nations fail today because of conspiracy and bad policy. The authors explain in their interview that the United States has to be diligent to stop conspiracy between big businesses and politics. Large companies have money and power that can weaken political processes.Examples to this are the hindrances to competition. Some countries that have inclusive institutions use political power to change overspent to more extractive institutions. The authors perceived how Argentina and Venezuela weaken their courts and political institutions by giving the presidents the freedom to do what they please. CHAPTER 14 Breaking the Mold The authors perceived the challenges that an exclusive nation may/is facing today. The authors say that there are two realistic pa ths that a nation can take toward more inclusive institutions.One path is an come along where the government gradually changes policy to be more inclusive because of societal pressures. The other is the path of protection that usually leads to revolt or civil war. The authors believe that its hard to eliminate poverty while change magnitude prosperity. They say that the countries that are poor have a high tendency to be extractive institutions and until those institutions change nothing can in reality be done to fix the problem. People believe that nation building could be a solution but as the authors point out it doesnt fix the underlying issues.CONCLUSION Why Nations Fail is a very interesting book. From the title itself, it tackles about how a country develops and grows, or the other way around. It doesnt Just focus on the current problems and issues of the society but also goes back to the past and the robbers which are left unsolved for how many decades or even centuries. Economists and politicians would totally be interested to read this book because this is mostly made up of politics and economic-related topics or global economics and politics.In their thesis, they have mentioned about different kinds of institutions that failed the country economic system, inclusive and extractive societies. Why Nations Fail is a very important topic since we can see that there are several countries in the world who are experiencing poverty or partition of economic system, with role of government or the people themselves as the reasons. The book can be tire to some readers but it was interesting enough to make us finish the book.It can be sluggish to some because the book is political and economical. It tackles issues of the society that caused the rise or fall of nations. Some readers are not fond of reading this kind of book. But, for those people interested in the economy of nations, then this is a really good read. The authors thesis was great because it ha s good citations and examples however, same thoughts are repeated in each chapter and the book dont have a concrete back up The scholarly work, Why Nations Fail, is a behindhand-read book.The work contains deep details that must be understood in every chapter for you to be able to connect the full-length flow of the thesis. The bright side of the book is the illustrations shown and the tables provided. Data are properly organized or listed in the table and, maps and other figures are well-drawn. Also, there are historical examples given that would add the understandings of the readers. The book is very useful and a substantive book which gives well-explained points on why nations succeed or fail. This book is recommended to anyone who wants to understand how the world works.However, his book is not recommended for those readers who are used to fast-paced narration and cannot tolerate a slow read, this must not be recommended because of the organization of the thesis points, some o f the topics and examples are repeated making it a slow read book. But for those who are in to politics and economics, this book is highly recommended because it contains many interesting historical examples and provocative ideas. The main strength of this book is the summary it is packed, from beginning to end, with historical scenes that are both educated and fascinating. The book never fails us to think.

Strategies to Implement Sustainability Programs

strategic emerge reach focus Individual Assignment circumvent of Contents Content Introduction What is summate kitchen range Sustainability? Why is hang on Chain Sustainability important? tralatitiousistic release bowed stringed instrument vs sustain fit show range utilitys of put out Chain Sustainability Strategies to appliance sustainability in tack orbit process Step1 entrance the reliable deliver arrange Step 2 Access environment Current, Potential, and Future Imp transaction Factors Step 3 Evaluation Identifying Potential Risks and Opportunities Step 4 Extend or Re-design the Supply Chain Strategy Step 5 & step 6 Implementation with the sustainable Supply Chain calling card completion References Page No 2 2 2 2 3 3 5 6 6 6 7 8 9 AHMG Kibria Page 1 Strategic Supply Chain counselIndividual Assignment Topic Strategies to implement sustainability programs in the tot kitchen range firms Introduction Environmental issues are becoming the main concerns of man y global bring chain practitioners in todays world. In raise to address these emerging environmental issues, commercial enterprisees around the creation are looking for a total solution on the reduction of the waste generated from the current append chain process. Meanwhile, implementation woo that is needed to implement these environmental issues plays a major part in their considerations in selecting an implementation system.Recent studies by Carter and Rogers (2008) emphasised that sustainable yield chain flummoxment in foothold of social, economical, and environmental emoluments should be taken into consideration in a add together chain practice. More specifically, appending chain management thunder mug be defined as the integration of the social, economic, and environmental practices within a global interpret chain that provide green products, excellent services and accurate information sacramental manduction that beneficial to all employees, shareholders, bus iness partners and the wider community.The intent of this look for is to propose strategies to implement sustainability in supply chain firms. thither are many different strategies have been used by the supply chain firms. This subject field analysed six step process approaches to implement sustainability in the supply chain process. What is Supply Chain Sustainability? Supply chain sustainability is the management of environmental, social and economic impacts, and the encouragement of expert governance practices, throughout the life cycle per seconds of goods and services.The objective of supply chain sustainability is to create, protect and grow long-term environmental, social and economic value for all stakeholders (consumers, community, government, society, employees etc). Why is Supply Chain Sustainability important? There are many reasons why companies start a supply chain sustainability journey. Primary among them is to ensure compliance with laws and regulations and to su pport international principles for sustainable business conduct.In addition, companies are increasingly fetching actions that final result in better social, economic and environmental impacts because society expects this and because there are business benefits to doing so. By managing and seeking to improve environmental, social and economic exertion and good governance throughout supply chains, companies act in their own interests, the interests of their stakeholders and the interests of society at large.According to Penfield (2009) Supply chain operations are fundamental to sustainability performance and supplying for sustainability is being touted in management circles as the future of war-ridden supply chains. Traditional supply chain vs sustainable supply chain Conventional supply chains are more than fire in serving the purpose of logistics than optimization. On the other hand a focus on sustainability aims at creating and protecting value with reference to long-term soc ial, environmental and economic components in bringing goods AHMG Kibria Page 2 Strategic Supply Chain ManagementIndividual Assignment and services to the market. The primacy of operations is to adequately catch current demands while making reserves for future generations. Linton et al (2007), indicates the focus of sustainable logistics is on optimization of resources along the entire production so that final production is of the highest value at the lowest cost. There is strategic optimization of resources, reduction of wastages, as well as utilization of supply by-products. In addition, it entails a focus beyond delivery to consumers, to other areas beyond the traditional scope of supply chain management.According to IBM constitution (2009) supply chain management in contemporary business practice faces five key challenges cost containment, supply chain visibility, risk management, growing market demand and globalization impacts. Conventional chains exactly focused on deliveri ng the end-products and, as such, suffered diminished returns owing to the growth in market and volatile consumers. On the other hand, supply chain sustainability seeks to not only deliver the utility, but also seeks to improve social, economic and environmental performance.As such, companies and supply chain managers deliver their own interests and those of the stakeholders and the society (Misra, et al. 2010). Advantages of Supply Chain Sustainability Social Advantage Primary benefits are derived from positive environmental and social externalities that are enjoyed by both customers and companies stakeholders alike. For example Wal-Mart has apply a program that successfully minimises the waste allocated to landfill within the USA (19. 1%), and increasingly China and brazil-nut tree (52%), which has the potential to prevent 11. million metric tons of CO2 emissions annually (Wal-Mart, 2012). Financial Advantage- Companies are realizing militant benefits from investing in supply c hain efficiency, Wal-Mart generated in excess of $231million in 2011 through a crew of increased recycling revenue and decreased expenses (Wal-Mart, 2012). Enhanced supply chain security Improvements in tire out conditions has the compounded benefit of reducing employee induced work stoppages and can positively impact a callers ability to continuously manufacture goods and services, increasing customer satisfaction and revenue.Increased war-riddenness of suppliers Buyers increasingly interprets suppliers good CSR performance as a sign of strong overall management, which affects other elements of supplier development, such as quality and on-time deliveries. In the long run, suppliers that work to continuously improve their environmental and social performance exit gain better access to markets and clients (BSR Survey). Strategies to implement sustainability in supply chain process In order to develop strategies supply chain managers need to consider what a supply chain scheme is, cerebrate the scheme to the hawkish schema and sustainability.The following figure shows the three important elements in order to develop a successful sustainable supply chain. AHMG Kibria Page 3 Strategic Supply Chain Management Individual Assignment Figure Three areas to integrate sustainable supply chain Cetinkaya (2011) This report analyses an reiterative six step process approach to implement sustainability in Supply chain firms. A self-opinionated approach to strategy design and integration can help companies developing a sustainable supply chain to create a value proposition.This iterative six-step approach has to be seen as a cycle which should be executed regularly in your supply chain, since relevant conditions may commute quite cursorily and sometimes radically for example, the oil price spike of 2008. AHMG Kibria Page 4 Strategic Supply Chain Management Individual Assignment Figure Steps of a sustainable supply chain strategy Cetinkaya (2011) Step1 Access the current supply chain Step 1 aims to take stock of the current call down of federation- and supply chain specific characteristics regarding strategy, resources, and current and planned practices.It is mainly concerned with internal factors and considers elements which are ordinarily within the control of a company. It seeks to discover whether there is a common strategic alignment, and whether the goals of each strategy element are integrated, aligned, and complementary. A companys own supply chain strategy which is not aligned to the corporate and cross-company supply chain strategy cannot be sustainable. Potential short- and long-term goal conflicts can rapidly become serious barriers to implementing a sustainable supply chain along its members especially if the supply chain is required to adapt quickly to change.The analysis also shows if top management commitment is assumption within the individual companies and the supply chain. In summary the findings from this step are ? ? ? ? The existing corporate and competitive strategies The sustainability strategies (if sustainability is not already part of the corporate strategy) The company-specific supply chain strategies, and finally The cross-company supply chain and collaborationism strategy Cetinkaya (2011). AHMG Kibria Page 5 Strategic Supply Chain Management Individual AssignmentStep 2 Access Environment Current, Potential, and Future Impact Factors The second step of this process deals primarily with what is changing in the business environment, what kind of scenarios your company will face in the medium and long term, and finally, what the main driver of change may be. This will lead, together with the analysis from step 1, to the definition of potential risks and opportunities for your supply chain strategy in step 3. Supply chain input resources such as fuel, energy, and natural resources nowadays merit close attention in supply chain management logistics.The trend of rising prices and increasin g scarceness make input resources major risk management factors in an economic perspective, especially when a company runs cost- and energy-sensitive supply chains. Understanding and forecasting input resource-related information helps in developing a sustainable supply chain strategy Cetinkaya (2011). Step 3 Evaluation Identifying Potential Risks and Opportunities After analysing first two locomote of this process it is easier to identify potential risks and opportunities to implements sustainability in supply chain process.Supply chain firms can use mannikin to access supply chain capabilities in the context of the scenarios identified in the step2. The assessment then serves to view supply chain specific Threat-OpportunityProfile. Companies need to understand the cause-and-effect relationships between potential success factors to undertake evaluation. For example, companies should be able to estimate that the regionalization of procurement structures in response to an oil pri ce increase would be promising to reduce transport costs Cetinkaya (2011).Step 4 Extend or Re-design the Supply Chain Strategy establish on the Threat-Opportunity-Profile, now it is possible to define strategic gaps on the route to a sustainable supply chain gaps between current supply chain strategy and the changing business environment. The greater and more relevant the potential risks and opportunities, the larger will be the gaps, and the greater the need to act and make strategy changes. At this stage the following strategic programs can be distinguished 1. Compliance- to obtain the benefit and competitive value of reducing and managing risk. 2.Process-Re-engineering- to obtain the benefit and competitive value of improving productivity and efficiency and in consequence, of reduced supply chain costs, increased resource productivity, and reduced environmental impacts. 3. Restructuring- to obtain the benefit and competitive value of the long term and fundamental improvement of effectiveness and early prevention of risk. 4. Innovation- to obtain the benefit and competitive value of differentiation. 5. Progression- to obtain the benefit of first mover advantage, and establishing market entry barriers Cetinkaya (2011).AHMG Kibria Page 6 Strategic Supply Chain Management Individual Assignment Step 5 & step 6 Implementation with the Sustainable Supply Chain wag After completing step1 to step4 companies must be able to develop appropriate scope of strategic vision and determine the right actions to align supply chain strategy to the changing business environment. These findings have been incorporated into the reformulation or redesign of existing supply chain strategy and the associated objectives. Now, the following step will show how to implement them.This research analyses Balanced carte developed by Kaplan and Norton from 1990 in order to show implementation of findings from stage1 to stage4. Figure The Kaplan/Norton Balanced add-in Cetinkaya (2011) The Balanced Scorecard is a (performance) management system providing a framework to translate a strategy into matchd available terms via objectives and measures, organised into four different perspectives financial, customer, internal business process, and learning and growth. The measures represent a balance ?Between external measures for shareholders and customers, and internal measures of critical business processes, innovation , and learning and growth. ? Between the outcome measures the result from past efforts- and the measures that drive future performance, and ? Between objectives, easily quantified outcome measures and subjective, somewhat judgmental, performance drivers of the outcome measures. Scorecard the financial perspective Assess social and ecologic activities accurately from the economic point of view.Scorecard the sustainability perspective plug into financial figures with customer needs. Extend this link by the environmental and social perspective. AHMG Kibria Page 7 Strategic Supply Chain Management Individual Assignment Scorecard the supply chain perspective coordinated tactical and strategic decisions along the end-to-end supply chain. Collaborate with your sales and product development departments and partners Cetinkaya (2011). Scorecard The learning and growth perspective Drive supply chain wide learning.So, after analysing Balance Scorecard it has seen that supply chain companies will be able to implement their strategy and also evaluate their strategy. Conclusion This research paper described the importance of sustainability in supply chain process. It also showed the differences between traditional supply chain and sustainable supply chain, the advantages of having sustainability in supply chain process. Most importantly this research analysed the strategy to implement sustainability.In order to do that it showed a six step process which is step1 access the current supply chain, step2 access environment current, potential, and fu ture impact factors, step3 evaluation identifying potential risks and opportunities, step4 extend or re-design the supply chain Strategy, step 5 & step 6 how to implement strategies with the sustainable supply chain circuit board which shows the financial, sustainable, supply chain and learning & growth perspective. Supply chain companies will be able to implement sustainability in their process by following these six step-by-step processes. AHMG Kibria Page 8Strategic Supply Chain Management Individual Assignment References ? BSR20, Maximizing Benefits From a Sustainable Supply Chain, BSR, March, 2011, viewed 28 September 2012, http//www. bsr. org/reports/BSR_Maximizing_Benefits_From_A_Sustainable_Supply_Chain. p df Carter, C. R. and Rogers, D. S. A framework of sustainable supply chain management moving towards new theory, International Journal of physiologic Distribution and Logistics Management, vol. 38, pp. 360-387, 2008. Cetinkaya, B. , 2011, 1st edn, Developing a Sustainabl e Supply Chain Strategy, Sustainable Supply Chain Management, viewed at 13/11/12. http//www. pringer. com/business+%26+management/production/book/978-3-642-12022-0 IBM, 2009. The smarter supply chain of the future Global chief supply chain officer study, New York IBM Global Services. Linton, J. , Klassen, R. & Jayaraman, V. , 2006. Sustainable supply chains An introduction, Journal of operations management, Kaplan RS, Norton DP (1996) The balanced scorecard translating strategy into action. Boston, chew Harvard Business School Press Misra, V. , Khan, M. & Singh, U. , 2010, Supply chain management systems Architecture, design and vision, Journal of strategic innovation and sustainability, vol. , no. 4, pp. 102108. Penfield, P. 2009, Seven Steps to Implementing a Sustainable Supply Chain, Syracuse University, Charlotte. Sisco, C. , Chorn, B. , Jorgensen, P. , 2010, Supply Chain Sustainability- A Practical Guide for Continuous Improvement, UN Global Compact Office and Business for Soc ial Responsibility, viewed at 12/11/12 http//www. unglobalcompact. org/docs/issues_doc/supply_chain/SupplyChainRep_spread. pdf Walmart Boyend 50 years Building a sustainable future, Walmart, viewed 27/09/12 http//www. walmartstores. com/sites/responsibility-report/2012/ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? AHMG Kibria Page 9